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VotemosCR v2018
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5 de cada 10 electores cambiaron de partido entre 2014 y 2018

Según las cifras oficiales del TSE en 2018 cinco de cada 10 electores votaron por un partido político distinto al que habían respaldo en 2014. A este fenómeno se le conoce como volatilidad electoral y para medirlo se utiliza un indicador que calcula los cambios netos entre las proporciones de votos obtenidos por todos los partidos políticos en dos elecciones sucesivas.

El índice de volatilidad mide la cantidad de electores que cambian su voto de un partido a otro en dos elecciones sucesivas. A mayor valor del índice, mayor es la volatilidad electoral. El índice puede alcanzar valores de 0 a 100%; un valor de 100% significaría que todos los electores cambiaron de partido de una elección a otra (el sistema es muy volátil) y 0% significaría que ningún elector cambió de partido (el sistema no es volátil, básicamente todo queda igual).

Los cambios en las preferencias partidarias entre 2014 y 2018 reportados por el índice, son los más altos de los últimos 40 años y los terceros más altos sólo superados por los registrados entre 1962-1966 y entre 1974-1978.

Analizados desde una perspectiva histórica, los incrementos en la volatilidad electoral en el período 1953-2018 produjeron alteraciones importantes en la correlación de fuerzas políticas, particularmente en las elecciones de 1966, 1978, 2006 y 2018. En estos procesos electorales los cambios en el respaldo generaron desplazamientos y sustituciones de partidos políticos de una elección a otra. Inclusive algunas agrupaciones desaparecen por completo de la escena política, tal y como sucedió con Unión Nacional en 1962 y Unificación Nacional en 1978. En las fases históricas de mayores niveles de volatilidad se altera significativamente la correlación de fuerzas en las instancias de representación política.

Gráfico: Volatilidad electoral 1953-2018

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